What to do if the reviewer suspects an undisclosed conflict of interest (CoI) in a manuscript received?

• The reviewer informs the editor of the CoI not revealed by the order
• Thank the reviewer and inform him that you plan to investigate
• Contact the author(s) and express your concern

In the latter there are two alternatives (1 y 2):

1. The author(s) provide the relevant details, then:

• Thank the author but indicate that this is a serious omission
• Amend, if applicable, the conflict of interest declaration
• Proceed with review and publication
• Inform the reviewer of the result

2. The author(s) deny that there is CoI

• Clearly explain the journal policy and definition of CoI, and obtain from each author a signed statement on all relevant CoI

Note: To avoid future problems, always obtain, from all authors, a signed CoI statement before publication (or indication on a checklist or form that there are no conflicts). Check that the journal's standards include a clear definition of CoI.