Cooperativismo y Desarrollo, May-August 2024; 12(2), e706
Translated from the original in Spanish
Original article
Analysis of the risk integral management in a company of the transportation sector
Análisis de la gestión integral de riesgos en una empresa del sector del transporte
Análise do gerenciamento integrado de riscos em uma empresa do setor de transportes
Luis Manuel Román Torres1 
0009-0001-1298-9384 
luismanuelromantorres@gmail.com
Maria Eugenia Ramos Crespo2 0000-0001-7354-5405 mariae@upr.edu.cu
Roberto Enrique Taño Lazo2 0000-0002-4220-0305 roental.1238@gmail.com
Brígido García Páez2 0000-0003-4094-7453 brigido.garciap@upr.edu.cu
1 Agricultural Transportation Company. Pinar del Río, Cuba.
2 University of Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". Pinar del Río, Cuba.
Received: 8/12/2023
Accepted: 1/07/2024
ABSTRACT
This research was carried out in the Agricultural Transportation Company of Pinar del Río province, due to the need to define the vulnerabilities of the risk integral management system implemented by this organization. The objective of this article is focused on analyzing the current state of the risk integral management in the Agricultural Transportation Company of Pinar del Río, which will allow knowing the vulnerabilities in the process to improve quality, protection and safety without compromising efficiency and sustainability. The historical-logical method was used in order to analyze the evolution, operation and development of risk integral management in companies of the transport sector; the analysis-synthesis, which allowed revealing the essential relations and more general characteristics of risk integral management. Among the research techniques used were the interview, survey, checklists and documentary analysis, whose results were processed to arrive at conclusions with the help of the statistical method, as well as the Ishikawa diagram, to determine the cause-effect relationships in the risk integral management process. As main results of the diagnosis, the insufficient risk integral management in the company stands out, where the causes and subcauses are determined by each stage of the risk management life cycle, being the identification stage the one with the highest number, however, each of the problems detected have an impact on the other functions due to the systemic nature of the process.
Keywords: analysis; integral management; risks; risk integral management.
RESUMEN
La presente investigación se desarrolló en la Empresa de Transporte Agropecuario de la provincia de Pinar del Río, por la necesidad de definir las vulnerabilidades del sistema de gestión integral de riesgos que implementa dicha organización. El objetivo del presente artículo se centra en analizar el estado actual de la gestión integral de riesgos en la empresa de Transporte Agropecuario de Pinar del Río, lo que permitirá conocer las vulnerabilidades en el proceso para mejorar la calidad, protección y seguridad sin comprometer la eficiencia y la sustentabilidad. Se utilizó el método histórico-lógico a fin de analizar la evolución, funcionamiento y desarrollo de la gestión integral de riesgos en empresas del sector del transporte y el análisis-síntesis, que permitió revelar las relaciones esenciales y características más generales de la gestión integral de riesgos. Entre las técnicas de investigación empleadas, se encuentran la entrevista, encuesta, las listas de verificación y el análisis documental, cuyos resultados fueron procesados para arribar a conclusiones con ayuda del método estadístico, así como el diagrama de Ishikawa, para determinar las relaciones causa-efecto en el proceso de gestión integral de riesgos. Como principales resultados del diagnóstico, resalta la insuficiente gestión integral de los riesgos en la empresa, donde las causas y subcausas están determinadas por cada etapa del ciclo de vida de la gestión de riesgos, siendo la etapa de identificación la de mayor número, sin embargo, cada una de las problemáticas detectadas impactan en las demás funciones debido al carácter sistémico del proceso.
Palabras clave: análisis; gestión integral; riesgos; gestión integral de riesgos.
RESUMO
Esta pesquisa foi realizada na Empresa de Transporte Agropecuário de Pinar del Río, na província de Pinar del Río, devido à necessidade de definir as vulnerabilidades do sistema de gerenciamento integrado de riscos implementado por essa organização. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o estado atual do gerenciamento integrado de riscos na Empresa de Transporte Agrícola de Pinar del Río, o que nos permitirá identificar as vulnerabilidades do processo para melhorar a qualidade, a proteção e a segurança sem comprometer a eficiência e a sustentabilidade. O método histórico-lógico foi usado para analisar a evolução, o funcionamento e o desenvolvimento do gerenciamento integrado de riscos em empresas do setor de transportes, e o método de análise-síntese foi usado para revelar as relações essenciais e as características mais gerais do gerenciamento integrado de riscos. As técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas incluíram entrevistas, pesquisas, listas de verificação e análise documental, cujos resultados foram processados para se chegar a conclusões usando o método estatístico, bem como o diagrama de Ishikawa para determinar as relações de causa e efeito no processo de gerenciamento integrado de riscos. Os principais resultados do diagnóstico destacam a insuficiência do gerenciamento integrado de riscos na empresa, em que as causas e subcausas são determinadas por cada etapa do ciclo de vida do gerenciamento de riscos, sendo a etapa de identificação a que apresenta o maior número; no entanto, cada um dos problemas detectados tem impacto sobre as outras funções devido à natureza sistêmica do processo.
Palavras-chave: análise; gerenciamento integrado; riscos; gerenciamento integrado de riscos.
INTRODUCTION
The mobilization or transportation of goods is a key aspect in the supply chain from the supplier to the customer, ensuring the reliability of the shipment is a competitive tool and a growing requirement for companies that perform this type of activity. There are additional operations that involve risks from the moment of loading, during mobilization and unloading of the goods at their final destination; these activities can cause damages, which can be direct, partial or total damage of the goods, long delivery times, total loss of the cargo, or indirect: consequence of the previous ones, such as loss of image of the company in the sector or loss of market share (an important customer).
If the goods to be transported are foodstuffs, they are exposed to various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and light, which can affect the quality of the products in terms of changes in their microbiological, physical and chemical composition, affecting their flavor, texture and nutritional value. It can also cause the proliferation of microorganisms, triggering food poisoning and other diseases related to food intake. The timely and satisfactory delivery of quality, safety and security depends on this process.
For this reason, it becomes crucial for companies that provide this type of service to use risk integral management as a tool to minimize the impact of risks on the system and improve their competitive position in the sector. On many occasions this type of companies do not use a global approach to the problem when selecting risk treatment strategies, making the logistic supply chain more vulnerable; that is to say, a complete analysis of the impact generated by the materialization of these risks on the operational balance of the organization is not carried out. Risk management or administration, then, provides a better vision at the time of selecting the way to treat them (Bedoya Arias & Villalba Salazar, 2004).
Considering that risk is an inherent aspect of almost every business activity, it is necessary for professionals to learn how to identify, evaluate and hedge it in the best possible way. That is why knowledge of risk assessment and hedging techniques is currently one of the most common and frequent problems in which an economic entity may find itself.
Risk is nothing more than the existence of scenarios with the possibility of loss, it is the probability that a hazard will cause an incident with consequences that are not feasible to be estimated in a given activity during a defined period, it is the potential for losses that exists associated with a productive operation, when the conditions defined as standards to ensure the operation of a process or the productive system as a whole change in an unplanned manner (Brito Gómez, 2018).
Risk management or risk administration is the science or discipline that is responsible for analyzing, predicting, channeling and protecting the resources of a person, institution or company with the greatest accuracy, against possible damages or losses that may occur, to reduce them as much as possible in order to guarantee their permanence over time and achieve their goals with the least amount of obstacles (Ribet Cuadot et al., 2015).
On the other hand, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Rural Development Agency of Bogota (2021) share the same criteria from the agricultural sector, with a more comprehensive view and point out that it is a process of collective construction and should be analyzed under a common vision of agricultural development, emphasizing that it should provide a set of responses to identified situations and multidimensional challenges of a structural, environmental and political nature, which is not merely productive, technological or agricultural innovation.
On the other hand, Guerra Parada (2019) refers to a systematic process of decision making in an environment of certainty about an event that may happen, whose probability and impact brings adverse consequences if it materializes. It is an issue that should not be avoided in the development of day-to-day business, but is a strategic challenge, if it is wanted to achieve better performance, grow and compete within each sector, as it is a basic component of business management. In itself, integral management implies a holistic, global administration of risks at all levels of the organization, in order to facilitate the achievement of the strategic direction and decision making, taking into account the interaction of the company with its environment, the relationship with stakeholders, the interrelation between processes, as well as the implementation of mechanisms that guarantee the continuity of the business and the protection of resources and interests.
The current regulation in Cuba that governs the internal control process and risk management as one of its components is Resolution 60/2011 on internal control, which reflects the general indications for the management and prevention of risks and establishes the bases for their identification and analysis, although it does not internalize the different types of risks and the methodology to be used for their classification and evaluation (Ramos Crespo et al., 2013).
It does not integrate risk management into the strategic planning process of the entities, it starts from its identification and ignores the definition of strategic and operational objectives, information and compliance. This resolution does not establish the general framework for the management of the organization's most significant risks, or in other words, risk strategic management. It focuses on the identification of risks in a general and global manner in the entities and does not particularize the different types of hazards to which any company is exposed, a situation that results in the avoidance of strategic risks to a large extent (Rodriguez Fajardo, 2022).
In accordance with the above, Rodriguez Fajardo (2022) emphasizes that this regulation is not updated to the most recent version of the COSO IV report. For this reason, it ignores the analysis of risks from an integral perspective with strategic planning in organizations. These elements show the need to update the current standard based on the progress made both nationally and internationally. In spite of what has been established, there are organizations that, due to the lack of knowledge and highly qualified personnel, have been left behind in terms of risk management (Garrido Cervera et al., 2022).
In Cuba, various regulatory bodies act precisely on disasters: the National Civil Defense General Staff, the Environment Agency, the Insurance Company, the Comptroller General of the Republic of Cuba, the Ministry of Agriculture, among others. Although treatment is provided from different perspectives, neither the coherent management of risks associated with agricultural productions nor the increase of the necessary production levels has been achieved (Rodríguez Perea et al., 2019).
The legal instrument governing risk management is Resolution No. 60 of 2011 of the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic of Cuba in accordance with which the Higher Organization of Business Management of the Tobacco Business Group of Cuba, to which the Agricultural Transport Company Pinar del Río is subordinated, prepared a Management Manual and a Risk Prevention Plan that is assumed by the entity, but none of these documents constitutes a concrete and effective methodology to manage them and prevent their occurrence. Therefore, the objective of this article focuses on analyzing the current status of risk integral management in the Agricultural Transportation Company of Pinar del Río, which will allow knowing the vulnerabilities in the process to improve quality, protection and safety without compromising efficiency and sustainability.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The historical method was used in order to analyze the evolution, operation and development of the risk integral management in companies of the transportation sector; for this purpose, significant updated materials were consulted and the analysis-synthesis, which made it possible to reveal the essential relationships and more general characteristics of integrated risk management.
The dialectic method was used to learn about the development and evolution of the risk integral management, from its emergence to the current conceptions, the theoretical, methodological and practical changes that have led to its development.
The systemic method was use because the risk integral management is analyzed as a holistic system that allows companies to comprehensively manage the various risks to which they are exposed and which affect their stability.
Among the empirical methods are the application of surveys and documentary analysis carried out with the purpose of evaluating all the regulations and provisions in force on safety systems, prevention plans, and worker protection, among others, and direct observation carried out in each of the areas, including facilities, equipment, means of transportation, furniture, production areas and warehouses.
The research techniques used included interviews, surveys, checklists and documentary analysis. Observation or inspection of the different areas is carried out with the objective of verifying the technical condition of the work equipment, transportation and construction of the facilities.
Interviews with experts and managers from different areas of the company were conducted to determine the degree of awareness for the execution of the task of the ricks integral management. Surveys were applied to workers, administrative and managerial staff in order to verify the level of training and awareness they have to face the risks they are exposed to and how they assume them.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Agricultural Transport Company Pinar del Río was created by Resolution No. 54/76 of December 15, 1976, of the Minister of Agriculture, subordinated to the Territorial Delegation of the Ministry of Agriculture in the Province of Pinar del Río; it is one of the most important transportation companies in the province and at the national level. It has a General Management and three Basic Business Units (UEB), these are:
The company's corporate purpose is to provide motor freight transportation services to companies belonging to the aforementioned Ministry, and others related to insurance and support forces for the different crops: tobacco, coffee, rice, forestry and other crops. By agreement No. 4877 of December 7, 2003, the Executive Committee of the Council of Ministers approved the implementation of Business Improvement in the entity. Through Resolution No. 22 of 2017, the portfolio of services that make up the fundamental activity of the entity is approved: forestry products, soil amenders, dry and green tobacco, fertilizers, phytosanitary products, construction materials, agricultural products, raw materials and materials, personnel, miscellaneous products and tobacco inputs.
Its mission is to satisfy the services of freight transportation by automotive means to entities of the agricultural system and third parties, according to the requirements of customers and stakeholders, with a high management of human, financial and internal control resources with an efficient and sustainable performance that allow the continuous improvement of the company.
The vision of being a recognized company in the provision of freight transportation services in the country, with quality and competitiveness of the same, in correspondence with the requirements and expectations of customers and stakeholders, adapting to changes that occur in the environment being a sustainable and sustainable entity, constantly improving.
The key result areas (ARC in Spanish) are as follows:
The Company has a total of 497 employees, distributed as follows:
Figure 1. Number of workers of the Empresa Transporte Agropecuario Pinar del Río per UEB
Source: Own elaboration
One of the components of Resolution No. 60/2011 of the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic of Cuba is the management and prevention of risks faced in order to achieve the objectives set at each level of the Company. In the case of the entity under study, it has a manual provided by the Grupo Empresarial de Tabaco de Cuba, with the aim of contributing to the implementation and compliance with the rules of the Internal Control System, aimed at all workers of the Empresa Transporte Agropecuario de Pinar del Río, however, it does not provide a comprehensive analysis of the risks.
It was found that, although a group for risk management and prevention has been declared at the Company and UEB levels, only one person is in charge of this, who is the company-level cadre specialist whose work content differs from that of risk integral management.
As for the implementation of the manual that serves as a guide to manage risks, in its identification, those linked to natural or social-natural disasters are declared, that is, it does not function as a risk integral management unit that encompasses the institution's corporate risks and helps to manage them to reasonably guarantee compliance with the organizational objectives that are set annually. On the other hand, the principles and requirements that characterize risk management in Cuban companies are included, but they have not been applied with a system approach or incorporated as necessary elements within the general management process. In addition, the insufficient use of risk management techniques stands out, which was verified in the company's risk prevention plan where the confusion between risks and their causes can be observed. The above aspects determined the need to carry out a diagnosis of the risk integral management of the Empresa de Transporte Agropecuario of Pinar del Río province.
The methodology used in the diagnosis consisted of the following stages:
1. Definition of the objectives and scope of the diagnosis
The objective was aimed at diagnosing the current state of the risk integral management of the Empresa de Transporte Agropecuario of Pinar del Río province, through an exhaustive analysis that would allow explaining the facts, deepening the essential relationships and circumstances that affect this process. The scope of the diagnosis was framed in the company together with its UEBs.
2. Determination of information needs
Based on the above, the following are identified as information needs for the diagnosis:
3. Definition of information sources
The secondary sources of information consulted were:
The observation or inspection of the different areas is carried out with the objective of verifying the technical condition of the work equipment, transportation and the constructive condition of the installations.
After analyzing the results of the secondary information, it became evident that they are not sufficient to evaluate the risk integral management process in the entity, therefore, other sources of information such as primary sources (surveys and interviews) were used.
4. Design of formats for data collection
In the documentary analysis, a concatenated order was established on materials dealing with risk integral management, this being fundamental for recognizing the efforts made and the aspects that affect its integral performance.
A guide was designed for the documentary review, where:
For the observation, a guide was made, where:
Interviews with experts and managers from different areas of the company, with the objective of determining the degree of awareness for the execution of the task of occupational risk integral management.
Surveys applied to workers, administrative and management personnel to verify the level of training and awareness they have to face the risks they are exposed to and how they assume them.
5. Sample design
For the application of the interviews with specialists, experts and managers, it was not necessary to apply a sampling technique due to the size of the population. Therefore, a total of 9 interviewees were interviewed, taking into account their experience, level of responsibility and knowledge of risk integral management and the activities to be carried out by each key result area.
The survey was applied to a total of 64 workers; to determine the representative sample, it was worked with a population of 497 workers in the entity (Table 1). It was determined that the sample should be random or probabilistic, as it is the most appropriate in survey research designs. For the calculation of the total sample size with a confidence level of 95% and a maximum error of 5%, using the expression for the calculation of the sample in finite and known populations of Calero Vinelo (1978).
To determine the sample for each area, stratified sampling was chosen (Table 1), so a stratified probability sample was designed. In addition, the sample elements within each stratum were selected from a table of random numbers, so that all had the same probability of being chosen.
Table 1. Summary of headcount by occupational category and organizational structure
Structure |
Population |
Sample |
|
1 |
Direction |
29 |
12 |
2 |
UEB José Argibay Rivero |
255 |
19 |
3 |
UEB Consolación del Sur |
148 |
18 |
4 |
UEB Logística |
65 |
15 |
5 |
General total |
497 |
64 |
Source: Business Strategy of Trasporte Agropecuario de Pinar del Río
6. Data collection, analysis and processing of information
The interviews were conducted at the work center of each specialist, based on recordings made with the permission of each interviewee and the author's notes. The surveys were applied within the framework of a training activity aimed at the risk integral management of the company, where the purpose of the research, the most relevant conceptual aspects and the objective of the instrument to be applied were explained to them.
The survey was processed with the help of Excel 2020 and inferential and multivariate descriptive statistics were used, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, which facilitated the tabulation and presentation of quantitative results through graphs. With respect to the qualitative responses (judgments, opinions and knowledge), the ideas expressed were related and similar results were summarized in order to refine and concentrate the ideas generated.
7. Summary of the main regularities of the diagnosis
From the information obtained in the diagnosis, it was proceeded to triangulate the information, visualizing it in an Ishikawa diagram, where the effect or problem (insufficient risk integral management in the company) is located on the right side of the central spine, the main spines were represented by the life cycle of risk management assuming the Australia and New Zealand Standard (2004) summarized in five of them (identification, evaluation, treatment, monitoring and communication), which are the basis for the main risk management regulations, including the COSO report and ISO 31000 to classify the causes and subcauses derived from the risk integral management problems associated with each one, for a total of 21 subcauses, being identification the one with the largest number of these, however, it is valid to recognize that each of the problems detected impact the other functions due to the systemic nature of the process (Figure 2).
This diagram was created based on the problems identified from the secondary and primary sources. Subsequently, group work was carried out to sort them by function and priority. With the information obtained, a list of causes is made, which is reduced by eliminating those that are redundant and subjected to the individual assessment of the specialists, as recommended by Cuesta Santos (2010) to know the order of importance from 1 to n, being one the most important cause, two the next in importance, up to n, the least important.
Figure 2. Ishikawa diagram
Source: Prepared by the authors
The diagnostic study made it possible to determine the current status of the risk management and prevention process in the entity. The results indicated that it is a process that is not managed with a systemic, holistic and integrative approach. The lack of tools that provide methodological resources for their management limits their effective and efficient operation.
The diagnostic report presented is the starting point for a proposed solution to the problem identified, which is related to the insufficient integral management of the company's risks. Together with the systematization of theoretical and methodological references, associated to the risk integral management process, it will contribute, to a great extent, to improve it in the organization under study, whose proposal will be shown in future publications.
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Conflict of interest
Authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Authors' contribution
All the authors reviewed the writing of the manuscript and approve the version finally submitted.
